characteristics of a biological community
1. physical structure and appearance
2. species diversity - eveness and abundance
3. niche structure - role of organism depends upon its habitat
types of species
1. native species - those species that normally live and thrive in a particular community
2. nonnative species - species that migrate into or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into a community
3. indicator species - species that serve as early warnings of damage to a community or ecosystems.
4. keystone species - species that help determine the types and numbers of various other species in a community
5. foundation species - species that create and enhance habitats that can benefit other species in a community
Species interaction
1. interspecific competition - interaction that occurs between individuals when both attempt to utilize a resource that is limited relative to the demand for it.
*interference - resource is there
*exploitative - 2 participating species the same access of resource
2. predation - the act of killing and eating another organism
3. parasitism - a relationship in which one organism benefits by feeding on the other which is usually harmed but not immediately killed.
4. mutualism - a relationship in which both participating species benefit
5. commensalism - a relationship between two species in which one benefits while the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Mutualism - give and take relationship
2 kinds
1. facultative - they can exist without the other/a pair can leave without the other
2. obligate - one is dependent with the other
parasitoids - macrooganism which kills th ehost by slowly consuming the self tissues of the host body
population - a set of organisms of the same kind in which any pair of the members can breed together
population genetics - the study of the allele frequency and change under the influence of the fair main evolutionary processes
-natural selection
-genetic drift
-mutation
-gene flow
genetic drift - the change in the relative frequences in which a gene variant recurs in a population due to random sampling and chance.
natural selection - a process by which heritable traits that make it more likely for an organisms to survive and successfully reproduce become more common in a population over successive generations.
mutations - are changs in the ONH sequence of a cells genome and are causes cased by radaition viruses, mutagenic chamical as well as errors that occur during DNA
gene flow - exchange of genes between populations which are usually of the same species
gene pool - compose of two allele
dominant allele - that must recessive allele
pure dominant - homogynous gene
pure recessive - heterohynous gene
genotype - composition of genes
immigration - to join specific operation
hybridation - a way of gene flow
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