2 basic properties
pitch and duration (length of time tone is sustained)
2. form -structural organization of a musical composition
*simple forms
a. through composed - one part form
b. binary - 2 different melodic ideas (a-b)
c. ternary -A-B-a form
*compound forms
a. free form- 3 or more musical ideas not related to each other
b. sonata allegro - 3 part form consisting exposition, development and recapitulation
c. fugue - parts do not begin all at once but follow each other successively
d. rondo - the A-BA-CA form
3. Timbre or tone color - qualifying difference between one tone and another.
color of sound is produced by the voice and different instruments.
male - tenor (lyrics and dramatic), baritone & bass
female - soprano(coloratura, lyrics, dramatic and mezzo-soprano) alto & contra-alto
4. harmony and texture
harmony is the simultaneous sounding of a group of tones with the tones of the melody; blending of tones
texture - pertains to the relationship of melodic and harmonic elements which produces qualities of lightness or heaviness (thickness) classified as monophonic, homo phonic and polyphonic.
5. rhythm - regular recurrence of strong and weak beats or heavily and lightly accented tones in alternations.
composed of beats, accent, phrase, measures and movement pattern.
6. tempo - rate of speed which is the musical pace; level of fastness or slowness of musical movement.
varying degree of tempo
very slow - largo(broad) grave(solemn)
slow: lento(leisurely) adagio(gently, slow)
moderato: andante(walking pace) andantino(faster than andante) moderato(moderate speed)
fairly fast: allegretto(moderately lively)
fast: allegro(quickly, lively, happy)
very fast: vivace(vivacious, vivo) presto(very quickly) prestissimo(as quick as possible)
other terms which affect tempo
accelerando - gradual increase in speed(generates tension/climax)
allargando(slackening of tempo but growing heavy and broad)
ritardando -gradual decrease in speed(release tension, imply cadances)
7. dynamics- degress of loudnes or softness of musical tone indicated by symbols; level of intensity.
from loud to soft volume
fortisissimo (fff) very, very loud
fortissimo(ff) very loud
forte(f) loud
mezzo-forte (mf) medium loud
mezzo-piano(mp) medium soft
piano(p) soft
pianissimo(pp) very soft
pianississimo(ppp) very, very soft
others
sforzando(sfz) abrupt force, sudden accent (^)
crescendo < gradual increase in volume
decrescendo > gradual decrease in volume
diminuendo (dim) same as the descrescendo
THE NEW MUSIC
a reaction against romanticism because it is rooting away from private feelings of arts, or even away from God. some modern staff set out to destroy all values of art.
MAIN CURRENTS IN THE 20TH CENTURY:
*reaction against romanticism - anti romantic age
*primitivism - primitive life, idealize brute strength
*machine music - dehumanization of art, machine became symbol of power, motion and energy
*objectivism - dealing with external facts, rejection of subjectivity
*neo classicism - composers emulate the great musicians of 18th century
*neo nationalism - a return to international musical culture in 18th century, primeval trend of nationalism
*expressionalism - suprrsed, agonized romanticism of ananticromantic age. seek more powerful means of cimmunicating emotions.
OUTSTANDING ACHIEVEMENTS OF NEW AGE: Discoveries of
1. polyrhythm - use of several, rythmic patterns
2. polychord - chord of 7 tones or note, skycraper
3. polytonality - use of 2 or more keys together
4. polyharmony - playing 2 or more streams of harmony against each other
NEW CONCEPTS OF TONALITY
a. polytonality - use of 2 or more keys together
b. atonality -rejects the tonal of the key
c. 12 tone method - schoenberg;s concept of perpetual variation
Arnold Schoenberg(1874-1951) Vienna -> american
the atonal expressionist who formulated the concept of 12 tone method, moved closer to bold a step as any artist has ever taken. the rejection of tonality(abolishing the sense of home key)
NEW STYLE ELEMENTS
1. Revitalization of rhythm - special emphasis to rhythmic. power to escape from over refinement. emotion replaced by motion.
2. melody - no longer the foundation of musical art
3. polyharmony - use of multiple chords
4. emancipation of dissonace - can serve as final cadence chords with combinations of 2nds, 4th, 6ths, m7th, aug. int
5. orchestration - piano turns rhythmic instrument; trumpet; saxophone, clarinet, trombone became solo instruments.
6. popularity of absolute forms - revival of classical forms
7. influence of jazz- full of synchopations and polyrhythms
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